OMSB_OEN Exam Dumps

To calculate the flow rate in drops per minute (gtt/min), use the formula:

Flow rate (gtt/min) = (Total volume (ml) Drop factor (gtt/ml)) / Time (minutes)

Given:

Total volume = 500 ml

Drop factor = 15 gtt/ml

Time = 4 hours (240 minutes)

Flow rate (gtt/min) = (500 ml 15 gtt/ml) / 240 minutes = 7500 gtt / 240 minutes = 31.25 gtt/min

Rounded to the nearest whole number, the flow rate is 32 drops/minute.

Retinal Detachment and Retinopexy:

Retinal detachment is a serious condition where the retina peels away from its underlying layer. Retinopexy surgery is performed to reattach the retina.

Initial Nursing Interventions:

Eye patch and dressing: Helps maintain pressure on the retina and prevent movement that could disrupt the reattachment process.

Prone position and avoiding lying on surgical side: These are not specific standard initial interventions.

Aseptic technique: Important but not the primary initial intervention for maintaining retinal attachment pressure.

American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) guidelines on Retinal Detachment

Mayo Clinic guidelines on Retinopexy Surgery

In a 24-month-old child with hydrocephalus, later signs of the condition include frontal bossing, which is the prominent, protruding forehead caused by the enlargement of the frontal bone. This is a characteristic feature of chronic hydrocephalus. Bulging fontanels, separated sutures, and dilated scalp veins are typically earlier signs of hydrocephalus seen in younger infants before the cranial sutures close. As the child ages, frontal bossing becomes more apparent due to prolonged intracranial pressure.

Types of Stressors in Preoperative Patients:

Social: Related to interactions with family, friends, and community.

Physical: Directly affecting the body, such as pain or physical disability.

Physiological: Body's physical response to stress.

Psychological: Mental and emotional response to stressors, including anxiety, fear, and worry about the surgery and its outcomes.

Stressors for Cardiac Surgery Patients:

Psychological: Patients scheduled for cardiac surgery often experience significant psychological stress due to fear of the procedure, potential complications, and concerns about recovery.

American Psychological Association (APA) on Stress and Surgery

Mayo Clinic on Preoperative Anxiety and Stress Management

Nurse's Advocacy Role:

Advocacy involves supporting and promoting the interests and well-being of patients, especially when they are unable to do so themselves due to various barriers.

Case Analysis:

70-year-old stroke patient with son: Likely has family support and an advocate in the son.

Newborn with mother for breastfeeding: Mother is present to provide care and advocacy.

15-year-old awaiting consent for surgery: Typically has parental or guardian support for decision-making.

40-year-old with language barrier: This patient needs advocacy to ensure clear communication and understanding of postoperative care and complications due to the language barrier.

American Nurses Association (ANA) on Patient Advocacy

Joint Commission guidelines on effective communication in healthcare