ISC2 CISSP Exam Dumps

The high-level audit phase that is represented by the option D is planning. An audit is a systematic and independent examination and evaluation of the evidence, records, or activities of an entity, such as a process, a system, or an organization, to determine the compliance, effectiveness, or efficiency of the entity, and to provide assurance, recommendations, or improvements for the entity. The audit process consists of several phases, such as planning, execution, reporting, and follow-up. The planning phase is the first and the most important phase of the audit process, as it involves defining the objectives, scope, and criteria of the audit, and determining the roles, responsibilities, and resources of the audit team. The planning phase also involves conducting the preliminary risk assessment, the background research, and the stakeholder analysis of the audit entity, and developing the audit plan, the audit checklist, and the audit schedule .Reference: [CISSP CBK, Fifth Edition, Chapter 6, page 572]; [100 CISSP Questions, Answers and Explanations, Question 19].

The finding that would most likely indicate a high risk in a vulnerability assessment report is end of life system detected. A vulnerability assessment is a process of identifying, analyzing, and prioritizing the vulnerabilities in a system, network, or application. A vulnerability assessment report is a document that summarizes the results and findings of the vulnerability assessment, such as the number, type, severity, and impact of the vulnerabilities, as well as the recommendations and remediation actions. End of life system detected is a finding that indicates that a system, network, or application has reached the end of its life cycle, which means that it is no longer supported, maintained, or updated by the vendor or developer. End of life system detected is a high-risk finding, because it means that the system, network, or application may have unpatched or unknown vulnerabilities, which can be exploited by attackers to compromise the security, functionality, or performance of the system, network, or application. End of life system detected also means that the system, network, or application may not be compatible or compliant with the current standards, regulations, or requirements, which can cause operational, legal, or reputational issues for the organization. Reference: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 6: Security Assessment and Testing, page 281; [Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference, Fifth Edition, Chapter 6: Security Assessment and Testing, page 407]

A security concern when considering implementing software-defined networking (SDN) is that it increases the attack footprint. SDN is a network architecture that decouples the control plane from the data plane, and centralizes the network intelligence and management in a software controller. SDN enables more flexibility, scalability, and programmability of the network, as well as better integration with cloud services and applications. However, SDN also introduces new security challenges and risks, such as the following:

It increases the attack footprint, as the SDN controller becomes a single point of failure and a high-value target for attackers. If the SDN controller is compromised, the attacker can gain access to the entire network and manipulate its behavior or performance.

It exposes new attack vectors, as the SDN controller communicates with the network devices and applications via open and standardized protocols, such as OpenFlow, REST, or NETCONF. These protocols may have vulnerabilities or weaknesses that could be exploited by attackers to launch denial-of-service, man-in-the-middle, or spoofing attacks.

It requires more trust and verification, as the SDN controller relies on the information and feedback from the network devices and applications to make decisions and enforce policies. The network devices and applications may provide inaccurate or malicious information to the SDN controller, or may not comply with the instructions or configurations from the SDN controller, leading to security breaches or inconsistencies.Reference:CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Chapter 4: Communication and Network Security, Section: Software-Defined Networking, pp. 219-220.

The statement that best describes the least privilege principle in a cloud environment is that a single cloud administrator is configured to access core functions. The least privilege principle is a security principle that states that a user or a system should be granted only the minimum or the necessary privileges or permissions to perform their tasks or functions, and nothing more. The least privilege principle helps to reduce the attack surface, mitigate the risks, and limit the damage of a system or an organization, as it prevents unauthorized or malicious access, modification, or disruption of the resources or the data. In a cloud environment, the least privilege principle can be applied by configuring a single cloud administrator to access core functions, such as creating, deleting, or managing cloud resources, and by restricting or revoking the access of other users or systems to those functions. This way, the cloud administrator can perform their duties effectively and securely, and the cloud resources can be protected from unauthorized or malicious access or modification. Network segments remain private if unneeded to access the internet, internet traffic is inspected for all incoming and outgoing packets, or routing configurations are regularly updated with the latest routes are not the statements that best describe the least privilege principle in a cloud environment, as they are not related to the access or the permissions of the users or the systems. Network segments remain private if unneeded to access the internet is a statement that describes the network isolation or segmentation principle in a cloud environment, which is a security principle that states that a network should be divided into smaller or separate segments or subnets, and that only the necessary or authorized traffic should be allowed between them. Internet traffic is inspected for all incoming and outgoing packets is a statement that describes the network monitoring or inspection principle in a cloud environment, which is a security principle that states that a network should be observed and analyzed for any anomalies, errors, or incidents, and that any suspicious or malicious traffic should be detected and blocked. Routing configurations are regularly updated with the latest routes is a statement that describes the network optimization or maintenance principle in a cloud environment, which is a security principle that states that a network should be configured and managed to ensure the optimal and secure operation of the network, and that any changes or updates should be performed regularly and properly.Reference:Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Fifth Edition, Chapter 3: Security Architecture and Engineering, page 202.

The technique that can be used to extract private keys securely stored on a cryptographic smartcard is focused ion-beam. A cryptographic smartcard is a type of smartcard that is used for cryptographic purposes, such as encryption, decryption, authentication, or digital signatures. A cryptographic smartcard contains a microprocessor or a microcontroller that can perform cryptographic operations, as well as a memory that can store cryptographic keys, certificates, or data. A cryptographic smartcard can help to enhance the security and convenience of the cryptographic processes, by providing a portable, tamper-resistant, and user-friendly device that can perform or support the cryptographic processes. However, a cryptographic smartcard can also be vulnerable to various attacks or techniques that aim to extract or compromise the cryptographic keys or data that are securely stored on the smartcard, by exploiting the physical or logical weaknesses or flaws of the smartcard. The technique that can be used to extract private keys securely stored on a cryptographic smartcard is focused ion-beam, which is a type of physical attack or technique that uses a beam of ions, such as gallium or helium, to modify or manipulate the structure or circuitry of the smartcard. Focused ion-beam can be used to extract private keys securely stored on a cryptographic smartcard, by using the beam of ions to cut, drill, or etch the smartcard, and to access or read the memory or the microprocessor of the smartcard, where the private keys are stored. Focused ion-beam can also be used to bypass or disable the security features or mechanisms of the smartcard, such as the sensors, fuses, or shields, that are designed to prevent or detect the physical tampering or modification of the smartcard. Bluebugging, bluejacking, or power analysis are not the techniques that can be used to extract private keys securely stored on a cryptographic smartcard, as they are either more related to the wireless or Bluetooth attacks or techniques, which exploit the wireless or Bluetooth communication or connection of the smartcard, rather than the physical structure or circuitry of the smartcard, or to the side-channel attacks or techniques, which exploit the physical characteristics or behavior of the smartcard, such as the power consumption, electromagnetic radiation, or timing, rather than the physical modification or manipulation of the smartcard.Reference:CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 5: Cryptography and Symmetric Key Algorithms, page 296;CISSP Official (ISC)2 Practice Tests, Third Edition, Domain 3: Security Engineering, Question 3.12, page 137.