Eccouncil ICS-SCADA Exam Dumps

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) have evolved through several generations, each characterized by different technological capabilities and integration levels.

The third generation of ICS/SCADA systems is considered networked. This generation incorporates more advanced digital and networking technologies, allowing for broader connectivity and communication across different systems and components within industrial environments.

Third-generation SCADA systems are often characterized by their use of standard communication protocols and networked solutions, improving interoperability and control but also increasing the attack surface for potential cyber threats.

Reference

'Evolution of Industrial Control Systems and Cybersecurity Implications,' IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

'Network Security for Industrial Control Systems,' by Department of Homeland Security.

The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) uses several metrics to assess the severity of vulnerabilities. Among them, the Temporal metric group specifically reflects the exploit quotient of a vulnerability.

Temporal metrics consider factors that change over time after a vulnerability is initially assessed. These include:

Exploit Code Maturity: This assesses the likelihood of the vulnerability being exploited based on the availability and maturity of exploit code.

Remediation Level: The level of remediation available for the vulnerability, which influences the ease of mitigation.

Report Confidence: This metric measures the reliability of the reports about the vulnerability.

These temporal factors directly affect the exploitability and potential threat posed by a vulnerability, adjusting the base score to provide a more current view of the risk.

Reference

Common Vulnerability Scoring System v3.1: User Guide.

'Understanding CVSS,' by FIRST (Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams).

IEC 62443 defines multiple security levels (SLs) tailored to address different types of threats and attackers in industrial control systems.

Security Level 4 (SL4) is designed to protect against sophisticated attacks by adversaries such as hacktivists or terrorists. SL4 involves threats that are targeted with specific intent against the organization, using advanced skills and means.

This level assumes that the adversary is capable of sustained and focused efforts with significant resources, including state-level actors or well-funded groups, aiming at causing widespread disruption or damage.

Reference

IEC 62443-3-3: System security requirements and security levels.

'Industrial Network Security: Securing Critical Infrastructure Networks for Smart Grid, SCADA, and Other Industrial Control Systems,' by Eric Knapp.

The default size of a Windows Echo Request packet, commonly known as a ping request, is 28 bytes. This size is derived from the following components:

ICMP Header: The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) header is 8 bytes.

IPv4 Header: The IP header for an IPv4 packet is typically 20 bytes.

Therefore, the total size of the default Windows Echo Request packet is 28 bytes (8 bytes for ICMP header + 20 bytes for IPv4 header).

Reference

'Ping (networking utility),' Wikipedia, Ping.

'ICMP Header Format,' Cisco, ICMP Header.

Nmap (Network Mapper) is a network scanning and security auditing tool. Scripts used by Nmap for performing different network discovery and security auditing tasks are stored in /usr/share/nmap/scripts. This directory contains a collection of scripts for NSE (Nmap Scripting Engine), which enables Nmap to perform additional networking tasks, often used for detecting vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, and security-related information about network services. Reference:

Nmap documentation, 'Nmap Scripting Engine (NSE)'.