ARDMS AB-Abdomen Exam Dumps

In the presence of a nonocclusive thrombus, Doppler waveform above the thrombus typically shows dampened flow with loss of normal respiratory phasicity due to partial venous outflow obstruction. Complete absence of flow is typically seen with occlusive thrombus.

According to Zwiebel's Introduction to Vascular Ultrasound:

''Partial obstruction produces dampened and continuous flow patterns superior to a nonocclusive thrombus.''

Zwiebel WJ, Pellerito JS. Introduction to Vascular Ultrasound. 6th ed. Elsevier, 2019.

AIUM Practice Parameter for Venous Ultrasound, 2020.

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The normal epididymis typically appears as a homogeneous structure that is either isoechoic or slightly hypoechoic compared to the testis. The most accurate description is 'homogeneous compared to the testis,' meaning the texture is uniform. It is not anechoic, nor does it typically show irregular borders unless pathology is present.

According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:

'The normal epididymis appears homogeneous and is isoechoic or slightly hypoechoic relative to the testis.' (Rumack CM et al., Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed.)

Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.

AIUM Practice Parameter for Scrotal Ultrasound, 2020.

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In elderly men, dysuria and nocturia often suggest lower urinary tract symptoms such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). A pelvis limited ultrasound is most appropriate to evaluate the bladder and prostate for enlargement, residual urine volume, or other causes of obstructive symptoms.

According to AIUM Practice Guidelines:

''Pelvic ultrasound can evaluate bladder volume, post-void residual, and prostate size in men with lower urinary tract symptoms.''

AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Ultrasound of the Prostate, 2020.

Rumack CM, Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.

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The image provided is a right upper quadrant (RUQ) ultrasound---typically performed during a FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma) exam or for abdominal assessment. The arrow points to an anechoic (black) fluid collection seen above the diaphragm and posterior to the liver.

This fluid collection lies within the thoracic cavity, confirming the diagnosis of a pleural effusion. Pleural effusions are seen sonographically as an anechoic or hypoechoic area superior to the diaphragm in the thoracic cavity and often appear triangular or crescent-shaped. The diaphragm is visualized as a curvilinear echogenic structure separating the liver (or spleen) below from the lung space above.

Comparison of answer choices:

A . Retroperitoneal hemorrhage would be seen in the posterior abdomen, not above the diaphragm.

B . Pleural effusion is correct---anechoic fluid above the diaphragm is classic for this condition.

C . Mirror image artifact occurs when liver echoes are mirrored across the diaphragm and lung---this is not a mirror artifact.

D . Ascites collects inferior to the diaphragm and around the abdominal organs, not in the thoracic cavity.

Ma OJ, Mateer JR, Blaivas M. Emergency Ultrasound, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill; 2014.

Moore CL, Copel JA. Point-of-care ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(8):749--757.

Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.

Changing the patient's position allows evaluation of lesion mobility. Blood clots and hematomas are often mobile, while true bladder wall masses remain fixed. This technique helps differentiate between solid masses and non-adherent debris.

According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:

''Changing patient position may distinguish between mobile blood clots and fixed bladder wall masses.''

Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.

AIUM Practice Parameter for Bladder Ultrasound, 2020.